Phenacetin Crystalline Powder – Properties, Metabolism, QC Analytics & Global Outlook
Phenacetin crystalline powder (CAS 62-44-2) is an acetanilide-derived compound with a long and complex pharmacological history. While its clinical use has been discontinued across many jurisdictions, phenacetin remains highly relevant to R&D as a comparative reagent, analytical standard (HPLC/UPLC/LC–MS/GC–MS), a teaching model for metabolism (O-deethylation to acetaminophen), and a stability/permeation probe in formulation science. At CristalChem we supply lab-grade Phenacetin with safe worldwide delivery to the USA, Canada, UK, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain, Italy, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Cyprus, Ibiza, Albania, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico and more.
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Molecular structure (SVG/PNG) Phenacetin molecular structure CAS 62-44-2 CristalChem
1) Properties & Physicochemical Profile
- CAS: 62-44-2
- IUPAC: N-(4-ethoxyphenyl)acetamide
- Molecular formula: C10H13NO2
- Molar mass: 179.22 g/mol
- Appearance: white crystalline powder
- Melting point: typically 132–137 °C (purity/form-dependent)
- Solubility: limited in water; good in ethanol, chloroform, DMSO; tuneable in binary solvents (e.g., PG/IPA)
- Storage: airtight, dry, light-protected; record lot, temperature and humidity
Reference data: PubChem — Phenacetin (CID 4754) · NIST Chemistry WebBook — Phenacetin · ChemSpider — Phenacetin (ID 4590) · ECHA — Registration Dossier: Phenacetin
1.1 Spectroscopic & Chromatographic Fingerprints
UV–Vis: method-dependent λmax around 245–275 nm (HPLC–UV friendly). IR: amide carbonyl and ethoxy bands; NMR: aromatic and ethoxy signals enable clear confirmation. In chromatography, phenacetin demonstrates reproducible retention on C18 phases, supporting system suitability, linearity, and robustness checks across HPLC and UPLC platforms.
2) Metabolism & Mechanistic Insights
The hallmark biotransformation is O-deethylation to acetaminophen (paracetamol), used as a CYP1A2 probe reaction. Additional routes (N-deacetylation, N-hydroxylation) and the generation of reactive metabolites underpin historical toxicity profiles in long-term exposure scenarios.
- Mechanistic insights into the bioactivation of phenacetin to reactive metabolites (ScienceDirect)
- Phenacetin O-deethylation by human liver microsomes in vitro (Springer)
- Kimura et al. — Role of CYP1A2 in phenacetin toxicity (full text PDF)
- Guengerich FP — Cytochrome P450 and Chemical Toxicology (ACS Chem. Res. Toxicol.)
- Jollow DJ et al. — Acetaminophen hepatic necrosis: covalent binding in vivo (JPET)
- MDPI IJMS — CYP1A2: structure, function & regulation (review)
Request CoA & SDS for Phenacetin crystalline powder
3) Toxicology, Risk Drivers & Risk Mitigation
Historically, chronic phenacetin ingestion was associated with analgesic nephropathy and increased risk of urinary tract cancers. Mechanistically, reactive intermediates formed via CYP-mediated pathways are implicated in protein/DNA adducts and downstream cellular injury. In modern labs, phenacetin is handled strictly as an R&D analyte under rigorous SOPs (PPE, ventilation, documentation).
- ECHA — Phenacetin dossier (hazards, CLP, guidance)
- JPET — covalent binding and hepatic necrosis (APAP model)
4) Applications in R&D, QC & Teaching
4.1 Analytical & QC
As a stable analytical standard, phenacetin supports HPLC/UPLC and LC–MS workflows, enabling system suitability, calibration linearity, LOD/LOQ determination and forced-degradation selectivity verification. Its consistent UV response is ideal for training new analysts and validating robustness.
4.2 Comparative Pharmacology & Toxicology
Phenacetin remains a powerful anchor for teaching modules that contrast legacy acetanilide analgesics with modern safety paradigms (e.g., acetaminophen). It illustrates CYP1A2 probe usage, inhibition/induction studies and the implications of reactive metabolites in risk assessment.
4.3 Formulation Science & Solubility Screens
Moderate lipophilicity and solvent-dependent solubility make phenacetin well-suited to solvent mapping (water/ethanol/PG; PG/IPA), thermodynamic modeling, and introductory permeation tests (e.g., Franz cells for educational purposes).

5) Extended Methods & Experiments 🔬
Experiment A — HPLC Quant for Phenacetin + Acetaminophen (Single Run)
Goal: concurrent assay of phenacetin and acetaminophen for metabolism/forced-degradation workflows.
- Column: C18, 150×4.6 mm, 5 μm; 30 °C
- Mobile phase: A=0.1% acetic acid in water; B=acetonitrile; 10→60% B (0–12 min); back to 10% (3 min); re-equilibrate 5 min
- Flow: 1.0 mL/min; λ=254 nm; inj 10 μL
- System suitability: N>2000, tailing<1.5, RSD<2%
Standards: 5–200 μg/mL; verify linearity (R²≥0.999), precision (RSD<2%), accuracy (recoveries 98–102%).
Experiment B — Microsomal O-deethylation (CYP1A2 Probe)
Goal: quantify acetaminophen formation.
- Phenacetin stock 1 mM (DMSO); phosphate buffer pH 7.4; NADPH regen system.
- HLM 0.5 mg/mL; 37 °C; 5–60 min; quench with ACN; centrifuge; LC–MS quant.
- Controls: –NADPH; +furafylline (CYP1A2 inhibitor).
Readings: Springer — O-deethylation; Guengerich — P450 & Chemical Toxicology.
Experiment C — Solubility Mapping (PG/IPA)
Goal: thermodynamic mapping for solution prep and permeation pilots.
- Prepare PG:IPA (0:100 → 25:75 → 50:50 → 75:25 → 100:0); equilibrate with excess phenacetin at 25/40 °C for 24 h (sealed vials).
- Filter (0.22 μm); HPLC–UV assay; plot solubility vs composition and temperature.
Experiment D — Forced Degradation & Peak Purity
Stress solutions by heat/light/oxidation; evaluate peak purity (DAD) and confirm degradants by LC–MS. Document mass balance and pathways for method selectivity claims.
Experiment E — Teaching Case Study
Create an integrated module (phenacetin → acetaminophen) combining CYP kinetics, inhibition/induction, reactive metabolite risks, and regulatory narratives.
Talk to our technical team about HPLC/LC–MS methods
6) Global Market Outlook & Trends 🌍
While phenacetin is no longer a therapeutic, B2B R&D and QC demand persists — spanning non-opioid pain research, formulation modeling, metabolism training and analytical education. Market context and trajectories:
- Verified Market Reports — Analgesics Market (2025)
- ResearchAndMarkets — Analgesics Market Report & Forecast
- Grand View Research — Analgesics Market to 2030
- Statista — Global analgesics: key figures
Regions we serve: USA, Canada, UK, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain, Italy, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Cyprus, Ibiza, Albania, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico — with compliant documentation and packaging for safe worldwide delivery.

R&D / analytical lab bench
Phenacetin R&D laboratory CAS 62-44-2 CristalChem
7) Compliance, Logistics & Documentation
For cross-border shipments, ensure documentation and packaging are aligned with importer requirements and carriers that accept chemicals:
- CoA and SDS aligned with latest CLP/GHS; CristalChem SDS Guide
- Batch traceability (lot numbers, dates, storage conditions recorded)
- Clear labeling “for laboratory R&D use only — not for human or veterinary use”
- Sealed containers; desiccants; temperature notes; tamper-evident seals
- Carrier compliance; hazmat declarations where applicable
Order Phenacetin in bulk — lab packs & QA documentation
8) Internal Links — CristalChem Academy & Products (6)
- Benzocaine — product page
- Lidocaine HCl — category
- Procaine HCl — category
- Caffeine anhydrous — category
- Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) — product page
- SDS Guide — academy article
Request a Phenacetin sample for method development
9) Business Use Cases & Case Studies
Case Study A — QC Standard Packs for CROs
Audience: contract research organizations, pharma QC labs. Value: validated, traceable Phenacetin crystalline powder with CoA/SDS, batch documentation, and consistent performance across HPLC/UPLC/LC–MS setups. Outcome: reduced variability, faster method transfer, smoother audits.
Case Study B — University Teaching Kits
Audience: universities and training centers. Value: pre-packaged experiments (kinetics, CYP modulation, forced degradation, chromatography basics). Outcome: cohesive, safe, and reproducible training modules for students and technicians.
Case Study C — Formulation Thermodynamics Projects
Audience: formulation R&D groups. Value: solvent/permeation mapping with phenacetin as a proxy for moderately lipophilic actives; binary solvent data (PG/IPA, water/ethanol/PG) to calibrate predictive models. Outcome: efficient screening and better model generalization.
Ask about Phenacetin teaching kits (universities)
10) Extended QC & Analytics — Practical Notes
10.1 System Suitability & Robustness
Use Phenacetin crystalline powder across multiple systems (brands, column lots) to ensure comparable N, k, tailing and Rs against your target analytes. Adopt orthogonal checks (pH tweaks, ionic strength, organic composition) to demonstrate method ruggedness.
10.2 LC–MS Confirmations & Ionization
ESI(+) is commonly used; optimize source temperatures, gas flows and cone voltages for clean molecular ion detection. For MS/MS confirmation, establish fragments for phenacetin and acetaminophen, building a small fragment library for method transfer between labs.
10.3 GC–MS Options
Consider derivatization (e.g., silylation) where volatility is insufficient, or target impurities/degradants amenable to GC. Always cross-check mass balance with LC–MS to support forced-degradation claims.
10.4 Reference Links for Identity & Specs
PubChem — Phenacetin (CID 4754) · NIST — thermochemical & spectral data · ChemSpider — identifiers & suppliers · ECHA — dossier & hazard
11) R&D Inspirations — From Bench to Teaching to Tooling
- ✔️ System suitability kits shipped with SOPs, acceptance criteria and troubleshooting trees.
- ✔️ Method transfer packs including column recommendations, pH/organic windows and gradient templates.
- ✔️ Educational modules with instructor slides (metabolism, CYP1A2, reactive metabolites), student handouts and lab instructions.
- ✔️ Thermodynamic mapping datasets contributed by partner labs (anonymized) to accelerate solvent screening.
- ✔️ GLP-ready documentation templates (batch records, chain-of-custody, deviation logs).
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12) Regional Notes & Market Nuances 🌍
USA & Canada: emphasis on analytical compliance and method transfer within networks of CROs and pharma; swift logistics essential. UK, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland: university/teaching demand, tattoo/cosmetic R&D training, regulatory diligence. Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain, Italy, Sweden: strong analytical science base and equipment diversity — robust system suitability demand. Estonia, Latvia, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia: sustained growth of university and CRO ecosystems. Australia & New Zealand: long-haul logistics with temperature notes; documentation and customs clarity are key. Mexico: expanding CRO and pharma QC footprints.
13) Compliance Checklists — Practical & Reusable
13.1 Product & Docs
- ✔️ CoA with assay, ID, loss on drying, related substances, residual solvents (as applicable)
- ✔️ SDS (latest GHS/CLP)
- ✔️ Batch traceability (lot, date, storage, chain-of-custody)
13.2 Packaging & Labeling
- ✔️ Sealed containers; desiccant; amber glass where appropriate
- ✔️ Labels: “for laboratory R&D use only — not for human or veterinary use”
- ✔️ Tamper-evident seals; shock-resistant secondary packaging
13.3 Shipping & Carriers
- ✔️ Carriers accepting chemicals; declarable contents where required
- ✔️ Temperature/humidity notes; IPPC pallets for certain destinations
- ✔️ Insurance and Proforma for customs predictability
13.4 Receiving & Storage
- ✔️ Inspect seals, documentation; register lot in LIMS
- ✔️ Store dry, cool, protected from light; control access
- ✔️ Record opening date; create internal retest cadence
Order Phenacetin QC standard packs
14) Deep-Dive: Scientific & Regulatory References
- PubChem — Phenacetin (CID 4754)
- ChemSpider — Phenacetin (ID 4590)
- NIST Chemistry WebBook — Phenacetin
- ECHA — Registration Dossier: Phenacetin
- ScienceDirect — Mechanistic bioactivation of phenacetin
- Springer — O-deethylation by human liver microsomes
- ACS (Guengerich) — Cytochrome P450 & Chemical Toxicology
- JPET (Jollow) — APAP necrosis & covalent binding
- MDPI IJMS — CYP1A2 review
- Statista — Analgesics market/usage
- Verified Market Reports — Analgesics Market
- Grand View Research — Analgesics Market
15) Extended FAQ — Practical Questions from Labs
Q1. Is Phenacetin crystalline powder suitable as a GLP reference standard?
A: Phenacetin is widely used as an analytical/QC reference. For GLP contexts, ensure CoA/SDS, purity specs, and internal qualification runs are documented. Consider third-party confirmation if required by your QA.
Q2. Does Phenacetin require cold-chain shipping?
A: Typically no; store dry, cool, protected from light. For certain regions (Australia, New Zealand) or summer transits, temperature notes and insulated secondary packaging are recommended.
Q3. What’s the recommended wavelength for HPLC–UV?
A: Many methods use 254 nm; verify your method’s λmax in 245–275 nm and confirm specificity with DAD and LC–MS.
Q4. Can I use Phenacetin in topical formulation pilots?
A: Only for R&D/educational purposes in compliant facilities. It is not for human or veterinary use.
Q5. Which internal CristalChem pages should I review for related reagents?
A: See Benzocaine, Lidocaine HCl, Procaine HCl, Caffeine anhydrous, Paracetamol, and our SDS Guide:
- Benzocaine — product page
- Lidocaine HCl — category
- Procaine HCl — category
- Caffeine anhydrous — category
- Paracetamol — product page
- SDS Guide — academy article
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16) Conclusion & Final Calls to Action
Phenacetin crystalline powder (CAS 62-44-2) remains a robust platform for modern R&D: analytical method development, stability/permeation studies, comparative metabolism and didactic modules. If you need assured quality and compliant logistics, rely on CristalChem’s safe worldwide delivery across the USA, Canada, UK, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain, Italy, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Cyprus, Ibiza, Albania, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico — and other destinations on request.
- ✔️ Buy Phenacetin crystalline powder — safe worldwide delivery
- ✔️ Order Phenacetin in bulk — CoA/SDS provided
- ✔️ Request CoA & SDS — Phenacetin (CAS 62-44-2)
- ✔️ Speak with our technical team — analytics support
- ✔️ Set a standing order — predictable supply
⚠️ Legal & Safety Notice: This article is for educational and informational purposes only. Phenacetin is supplied strictly for laboratory R&D and analytical use; not for human or veterinary applications. All work must be performed by qualified professionals in compliant facilities, following SDS and local regulations. CristalChem assumes no liability for misuse or accidents.
Chemical Research Writer at CristalChem Academy. Passionate about chemistry, R&D, and turning laboratory insights into global wellness and industrial innovations.